In addition, there are other forming processes such as vault structuring, crumpling, high-pressure torsion and the Guerin process.
In sheet metal working, a distinction is made between cold forming and hot forming.
In cold forming, the deformation takes place well below the recrystallization temperature of the material, usually at room temperature. This means that higher forming forces are required. The dislocations and residual stresses in the metal lattice caused by cold forming result not only in an increase in hardness and yield strength but also in a change in the magnetic and electrical properties. The initial permeability and electrical conductivity are reduced. In the case of steel, permanent magnetization is possible. Other advantages of cold forming are:
The main cold forming processes include:
Hot forming comprises all forming steps which take place above the recrystallization temperature of the material. The hardening that takes place during forming is accompanied by recovery and softening processes in the material. As a result, high degrees of forming are possible despite low forming forces. The following points must be taken into account during hot forming:
Methods of hot forming include: