The ultimate goal is that the welded stud holds and that fracture occurs outside the weld zone when the stud is put under a load. To achieve this, the welding studs must meet a variety of different requirements:
1. The main task of the stud is to withstand the mechanical load and/or fulfil the function specified by the design.
2. The stud material and material surfaces must be suitable for welding.
3. The stud must achieve a required and sufficient welding quality.
4. Cost-efficient production (mass production via pressing/cold forming) and availability.
5. The stud should be easy to store and transport (e.g., protection by copper-plated surfaces, see also welding suitability of different materials below.)
6. The stud should be in conformity with technical standards, e.g., DIN EN ISO 13918 [1] or technical rules, e.g., those of the German Institute for Structural Engineering (DIBt).
7. The stud may have to meet additional customer requirements